NL-Epithalon in the visual system

NL-Epithalon therapy allows for the restoration, maintenance, and protection of a properly functioning visual system. Additionally, it is a therapy through which there is a significant reduction in the occurrence of age-related diseases, more precisely the progressive deterioration of vision.

Summary: the visual system is one of the most important systems. NL-Epithalon, due to its action, prevents many disorders of the visual system and alleviates the course of existing ailments affecting this system. Keywords: NL-Epithalon; eye structure; visual system; retina; macula lutea; visual system diseases; retinitis pigmentosa; protection of maintaining a properly functioning visual system

Introduction

The eye is one of the most important sensory organs. It provides approximately 80% of information about the environment. The visual system includes two main functions: a motor apparatus function and a protective apparatus function. Therefore, maintaining a properly functioning visual system is essential. NL-Epithalon is used in conditions such as keratitis, macular degeneration, or glaucoma. Additionally, this peptide fights all infections within the eyeball, prevents the occurrence of glaucoma and cataracts caused by UV radiation or excessive oxidative stress, as well as age-related visual system disorders.

STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EYE

The eye is one of the most important sensory organs. It provides approximately 80% of information about the environment. The process of analyzing signals received by the eyes involves more than 10% of all nerve cells in the brain. Thanks to this, each person not only sees but also understands what they see.

EYEBALL

The visual organ consists of the eyeball, which receives visual impressions, the visual pathways that conduct visual stimuli, and the visual centers in the cerebral cortex where the image is processed. In a healthy eye without visual defects, the eyeball has a shape close to a sphere with a diameter of about 24 millimeters and is located in the anterior part of the orbit. It is mostly filled with vitreous body, a colorless substance under pressure that helps maintain the spherical shape of the eyeball. The eyeball itself consists of three layers: the outer fibrous layer (sclera and cornea), the middle vascular layer (iris, ciliary body, choroid), and the inner layer (retina). The outermost layer is the opaque sclera, which in its anterior part transitions into the transparent cornea. Together they form a rigid but elastic framework of the eyeball. The cornea is the main refractive element of the eye. Behind the cornea lies the iris, which determines eye color. The iris has an opening called the pupil, whose width changes depending on light intensity. Between the cornea and iris there is an anterior chamber filled with transparent fluid.

RETINA AND MACULA LUTEA

The inner layer is the retina, which receives the image. The retina has a very complex structure. It consists of several layers of cells, including the pigment epithelium, photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), and nerve and glial cells. Rods are responsible for scotopic (night) vision, while cones are responsible for color recognition and daylight vision. In the central part of the retina is the macula lutea, which is responsible for the sharpest vision, as it contains the highest density of cones. Rods are distributed across the entire retina except the macula lutea. Nasally from the macula is the optic disc, which lacks photoreceptors (is insensitive to light) and is the site where photoreceptor signals connect to the optic nerve.

FUNCTIONS OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM

The visual system includes two main functions: a motor apparatus function and a protective apparatus function. As a motor apparatus, it moves the eyeball, which is controlled by six extraocular muscles. These muscles keep the eyes aligned and enable eye movements. Larger deviations of the eyeball are usually accompanied by head movements. As a protective apparatus, it performs a protective role thanks to structures such as the orbits, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. The orbit is a hard protective structure that guards against mechanical injuries. Eyelids and eyelashes protect the eye from excessive light, injury, and contamination, and also play an important role in eye lubrication. Both upper and lower eyelids have eyelashes that protect against dust and particles. Eyelids move both reflexively and voluntarily. Reflex actions occur when the eye is threatened, e.g., by strong wind carrying sand or excessive light. In such cases, we squint or blink. Blinking also moistens the eye by spreading tears and cleaning the eye surface. The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the front surface of the eyeball. The lacrimal apparatus produces the tear film necessary for proper eye function. It consists of the lacrimal gland and drainage pathways: lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. The lacrimal gland is located above the lateral corner of the palpebral fissure and is divided into an orbital and a palpebral part. Tear drainage begins near the medial corner of the eyelids, where each eyelid has a lacrimal papilla with a lacrimal punctum. From each punctum, a canaliculus leads to the lacrimal sac, which continues into the nasolacrimal duct. The tear film plays many roles, including dissolving and washing away harmful substances from the eye surface, providing antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects, participating in corneal metabolism, and maintaining a smooth corneal surface.

MOST COMMON DISEASES OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

Retinitis pigmentosa, also known as pigmentary retinopathy or rod-cone dystrophy, is a hereditary disease belonging to retinal dystrophies. During its progression, photoreceptor cells degenerate. These include rods, located mainly at the periphery of the retina and responsible for low-light vision and motion detection, and cones, located mainly in the posterior part of the eye and responsible for color vision and daylight vision. Other retinal diseases include age-related macular degeneration and lattice degeneration often associated with retinal detachment. The cause of retinal degeneration is inherited defective genes. Retinitis pigmentosa can be inherited in various ways. If inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, it has a milder course and does not significantly impair vision until the age of 50–60.

NL-EPITHALON IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

According to studies, NL-Epithalon prolongs the functional integrity of the retina in hereditary retinitis pigmentosa. Additionally, it improves visual function in patients with vision impairment associated with age-related macular degeneration and lattice degeneration often occurring in retinal detachment. The effect profile of NL-Epithalon on retinal function is based on intensifying bioelectrical and functional retinal activity while preserving its morphological structure. Supportive therapy with NL-Epithalon in patients with retinal degenerative changes produces a positive clinical effect in 90% of cases. Analysis suggests that the tetrapeptide participates in transcription mechanisms common to the pineal gland and retina.

NL-EPITHALON IN PROTECTION OF MAINTAINING A PROPERLY FUNCTIONING VISUAL SYSTEM

NL-Epithalon is a strong antioxidant protecting the eyes against the harmful effects of free radicals. It can be administered to the body in capsule form. It helps preserve collagen reserves in the cornea, contributing to its proper condition. It fights infections within the eyeball, prevents glaucoma and cataracts caused by UV radiation or excessive oxidative stress.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.V.Kh Khavinson, Peptides and Ageing. 2002; 3:11-144

2.V.Khavinson, M.Razumovsky, S.Trofimova, R.Grigorian, A.Razumovskaya, Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa, 2002; 365-8