NL-Epithalon as a peptide that improves and maintains the functioning of the circulatory system

Therapy with the NL-Epithalon peptide helps maintain proper blood flow in our body, and therefore the peptide is primarily helpful in maintaining normal blood pressure.

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases are a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. One of the most significant risk factors for heart disease is arterial hypertension. The action of the NL-Epithalon peptide allows for the restoration and regulation of normal blood pressure in the body, leading to improved physical condition and limiting the progression of many diseases and ailments resulting from cardiovascular disorders.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system, as a closed system transporting blood, consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, located in the mediastinum behind the sternum, is built of striated muscle tissue, which enables contractions that cause blood circulation within the vessels. The heart consists of two atria and two ventricles – the right and left ventricle. Since the atria pump blood only to the ventricles, their walls are thinner than those of the ventricles, which pump blood into all arteries. For blood to reach even the most distant cells of the body, its pressure must be sufficiently high. Veins open into the atria, bringing blood to the heart, while arteries leave the ventricles, carrying blood away from the heart. Between the atria and ventricles, and at the outlets of vessels from the ventricles, there are valves that open in only one direction, ensuring unidirectional blood flow and preventing backflow.

HEART FUNCTION

The heartbeat is a continuous process, as a lack of blood supply to any organ leads to irreversible and dangerous changes and tissue death. Blood delivered through the veins first enters both atria. When the atria contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. During ventricular contraction, blood is expelled from the heart into the arteries. After this stage, the heart remains in a short resting phase, and during relaxation the atria fill with blood again.

STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

Blood is distributed throughout the body by blood vessels, namely arteries, veins, and capillaries. The outer layer of blood vessels serves a protective function, the middle layer is composed of smooth muscle tissue allowing constriction and dilation to regulate blood flow, while the inner layer is thin and smooth to ensure free blood flow. Blood flows in arteries under very high pressure, which is why their muscular layer and inner membrane are thick. In contrast, the muscular layer of veins is thinner due to lower blood pressure. The inner membrane forms valves that prevent blood from flowing backward and help pump blood against gravity. Between arteries and veins there are very thin capillaries forming dense networks. Capillary walls consist of a single layer of cells (simple squamous epithelium), enabling gas exchange and the movement of various substances in and out of the vessels.

BLOOD CIRCULATION

Blood flow is possible thanks to a closed system consisting of two circuits: the pulmonary (small) and systemic (large) circulation. In the pulmonary circulation, blood rich in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen is pumped from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries. These branch into smaller arterioles and finally into thin capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Gas exchange occurs between capillary blood and alveoli, where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed by diffusion. Oxygenated blood returns through venous capillaries that merge into larger veins and then flows via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. When the left atrium contracts, blood flows into the left ventricle, where the systemic circulation begins. Blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta, the largest artery in the body, which branches into smaller arteries and forms capillary networks near body cells. Through these vessels, oxygen and nutrients are delivered, and metabolic waste products are removed. Deoxygenated blood is collected into venous capillaries, which merge into larger veins. The superior and inferior vena cava return carbon dioxide-rich blood to the right atrium.

REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE AORTA, MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE

In systemic arteries, pressure is high due to their thick, tense walls and the pumping action of the left ventricle during contraction. During ventricular relaxation, after the aortic valve closes, pressure should theoretically drop to zero. However, at rest in a healthy person, arterial pressure is about 120/80 mm Hg, meaning it does not exceed 120 mm Hg nor fall below 80 mm Hg during the cardiac cycle. This is because the aortic walls are elastic, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers. They stretch when receiving blood from the left ventricle and recoil during relaxation, exerting pressure on the blood within and maintaining continuous flow.

THE ROLE OF RESISTANCE ARTERIOLES IN REGULATING BLOOD FLOW

As arteries branch, their elasticity decreases and their walls consist mainly of smooth muscle. Blood flow becomes faster and arterial pressure gradually decreases. The arterial system ends with arterioles, where the pressure drop is particularly significant. These vessels constrict and dilate alternately, regulating resistance and blood pressure. If all resistance vessels constricted simultaneously, pressure would fall drastically, as observed in conditions such as anaphylactic shock.

NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE

Based on epidemiological studies, the threshold between normal and high blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg. Above this level, the risk of organ complications such as coronary artery disease or stroke significantly increases. Optimal blood pressure values do not exceed 120/80 mmHg.

ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Arterial hypertension is defined as blood pressure equal to or higher than 140/90 mm Hg. Diagnosis requires multiple measurements taken over several days or weeks. It should not be based on a single reading. In most patients, no single specific cause is identified. Contributing factors include genetics, obesity, high salt intake, aging, chronic stress, and a sedentary lifestyle.

HYPOTENSION

Arterial hypotension, also known as low blood pressure, occurs when systolic pressure falls below 100–105 mmHg. It may cause symptoms affecting various organs. Although usually less dangerous than hypertension, sudden drops in blood pressure can lead to fainting, which may be dangerous, for example, while driving.

THE EFFECT OF NL-EPITHALON ON ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

The most common lipid disorder in hypertension is hypercholesterolemia, although atherogenic dyslipidemia is particularly characteristic, especially in patients with hyperinsulinemia. It involves elevated triglyceride levels and reduced HDL cholesterol. The coexistence of hypertension and lipid disorders justifies measuring lipid levels in every hypertensive patient and implementing appropriate management. Studies indicate that individuals using modern NL-Epithalon therapy may experience improved lipid metabolism, contributing to lower blood pressure and reducing the overall risk of cardiovascular diseases.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Apostolopoulos V, Bojarska J, Chai TT, et al. A Global Review on Short Peptides: Frontiers and Perspectives. Molecules. 2021;26(2):430. Published 2021 Jan 15. doi:10.3390/molecules26020430

2. Adult Treatment Panel III. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. JAMA. 2001;285:2486-97